Fat

A dog's ancestral diet was high in protein, moderate in fat and low in carbohydrate, and replicating that is the point of feeding raw.

Fat is a dense source of calories, which matters for energy levels. But it does more than that. Fats support the healthy development of nerve and muscle cells, and they're needed to produce prostaglandins — hormone-like substances that help reduce inflammation and maintain healthy bones and muscle.

Fat also promotes the absorption of vitamins A, D and K, and it's a large part of why a well-fed dog has a sleek, shiny coat.

Both animal and plant fats have a role. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are the valuable ones: omega-3 from oily fish and flaxseed, omega-6 from pork and poultry fat.

Aim for between 5% and 18% of total intake, with the lower end being the minimum for a healthy adult dog.

That's a higher proportion than a human needs, for two reasons: dogs metabolise between 90% and 95% of the fat they eat and convert it into energy, and they don't suffer from atherosclerosis the way we do.

Both extremes cause problems. Too little fat and your dog will lack energy, and their skin and coat will suffer. Too much brings a risk of obesity, pancreatitis, and in more serious cases cardiovascular problems.

The right figure within that range depends on the individual. Working dogs used for shepherding or hunting may need levels towards the higher end to sustain their energy. An older, less active dog will need less.

Variety is the practical answer. Buying from trusted raw manufacturers and rotating your dog's meals will generally get the balance right without you having to calculate it meal by meal.